Pograrmming Errors in C | Types of programming errors in c

 

Pograrmming Errors in C

Errors are the problems or the faults that occur in the program, which makes the behavior of the program abnormal, and experienced developers can also make these faults. Programming errors are also known as the bugs or faults, and the process of removing these bugs is known as debugging.

These errors are detected either during the time of compilation or execution. Thus, the errors must be removed from the program for the successful execution of the program

Types of programming errors in c

1. Syntax Errors: 
   Syntax errors are caused by violations of the language's rules regarding the structure of the code.
   
   Example:

   c
   #include <stdio.h>
   
   int main() {
       printf("Hello, world!\n"
       return 0; // Syntax Error: Missing closing parenthesis for printf
   }

2. Semantic Errors: Semantic errors occur when the code is syntactically correct but doesn't produce the expected results due to incorrect logic or incorrect use of functions or variables.

   Example:
   c
   #include <stdio.h>
   
   int main() {
       int x = 5;
       int y = 0;
       int result = x / y; // Semantic Error: Division by zero
       printf("Result: %d\n", result);
       return 0;
   }

3. Logic Errors: Logic errors occur when the code's logic is flawed, leading to incorrect program behavior. These are often the most challenging errors to identify and fix.
   
   Example:

   c
   #include <stdio.h>
   
   int main() {
       int x = 5;
       int y = 7;
       int max;
   
       if (x > y) {
           max = x;
       } else {
           max = y;
       }
   
       printf("The maximum is: %d\n", max); // Logic Error: Doesn't handle equal values correctly
       return 0;
   }

4. Run-Time Errors:Runtime errors occur while the program is running and can include issues like segmentation faults (accessing invalid memory), buffer overflows, or trying to use uninitialized variables.
   
   Example (Segmentation Fault):

   c
   #include <stdio.h>
   
   int main() {
       int *ptr;
       *ptr = 10; // Runtime Error: Accessing uninitialized pointer
       printf("Value: %d\n", *ptr);
       return 0;
   }

5. Overflow Errors: Overflow errors occur when the result of an operation exceeds the range of the data type, often leading to unexpected results.
   
   Example:

   1. c
      #include <stdio.h>
      
      int main() {
          int x = 2147483647; // Maximum value for a 32-bit integer
          x = x + 1;          // Overflow Error: Exceeds the maximum value
          printf("Value: %d\n", x);
          return 0;
      }

   To write robust C code, it's crucial to understand these types of errors and use debugging techniques like code reviews, testing, and debugging tools to detect and correct them.
   
   
   6. Compile-Time Errors: These errors occur during the compilation of the program and prevent it from being successfully compiled into machine code. They often result from syntax errors or type mismatches. 

 Here's an example:

c
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int x;
    y = 5; // Error: 'y' is not declared
    printf("Hello, world!\n");
    return 0;
}